Hana (Mesopotamia)

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Map of the ancient Middle East at the end of the Old Babylonian period (c. 1600 BC) with the location of the kingdom of Hana

Hana - in II th. BC the ancient land of northern Mesopotamia, lying on the middle course of the Euphrates. Its name is derived from the Hana tribe, a semi-settled Amory population that inhabits it.

According to the source of the tribal writings, Han had to settle this area before the reign of Jahdun-Lim, king of Mari (1810-1794 BC), because he mentions in his inscriptions the defeat of the seven kings of Han and the annexation of their lands. These lands became part of the kingdom of Mari, and the title of "king of the land of Han" was incorporated into the titles of the kings of Mari. From the letters discovered in the archives of Mari, especially those from the period of Zimri-Lima (1774-1762 BC), the Hanaians played an important role in Mari's army, taking part in the mara war rallies in both northern Mesopotamia and Babylonia. . It seems that during this period, most of Hana's population continued to maintain a traditional pastoral lifestyle while maintaining their tribal organization.

In 1762, p.n.e. The kingdom of Mari was conquered by the Babylonian king Hammurabi. After his death in 1750, p.n.e. However, the Babylonians lost control of Mari and its neighboring territory. At that time, a small kingdom was established around the city of Terqa (Tell Ashara), about 70 km north of Mari. In modern professional literature, this kingdom is called the kingdom of Han, because the two kings who governed him were named "King Hana". The royal residence and administrative center of this kingdom were most likely either in the city of Terqa, or in a city called Biddah. In terms of territory, Hana's kingdom occupied roughly the same area that previously controlled the kingdom of Mari. Hana's kingdom developed for several hundred years, and this period is now called "Hana period". From the written sources we know the names of the ten Han kings ruling this period. On the basis of some to the Mitanni kings Parattarna and Shusatatara preserved in texts from Terqi, some scholars suggest that in time the kingdom of Han was under the control of the kingdom of Mitanni. According to other researchers, it is also possible for Hana throughout the period of the Mitanni kingdom to remain an independent kingdom.

After defeating the Mitanni by the Hittites in the second half of the 14th century BC. Hana's land was under Assyrian rule. In the 13th century BC. It is exchanged among the thirty-eight districts and towns over which Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I took control (1244-1208 BC). It is known that in the 11th century BC. King Hana was a Tukulti-Mer, who left behind a dedication inscription discovered in Sippar. He is identified with Tukulti-Mer, the king of Mari, who was defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala (1073-1056 BC).

It seems that Han's name was originally used to describe the nomadic american population, and over time it lost its ethnic meaning and began to use it as a generic name for different nomadic groups. Bibliography

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