Karesansui

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Garden at the Ryōan-ji temple in Kyoto

In 2002, three scientists from the University of Kyoto: Gert J. van Tonder, Michael J. Lyons and Yoshimichi Ejima announced in Nature that they solved the mystery of the zen gardens. According to them, they affect the viewer's subconscious not directly through the view of the stones from which they are built, but through the empty spaces between the stones. In the case of the Ryōan-ji Temple in Kyoto, the subconscious is supposed to create an image of a tree whose trunk passes through the statue of Buddha in the temple. Such use of free space seems to be a great illustration of the concept of the Mahayana philosophy, which states, among other things, that all beings are merely swirls of emptiness.

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