Intelektualizm

Intellectualism - a set of views and attitudes that emphasize the particular role of intellect, mind, etc. in cognition and action, and defending intellectual autonomy towards feelings, faith, will and intuit. Such attitudes are mainly opposed to voluntarism and pragmatism, in ethics eg emotion.

Intellectualism is a position according to which the intellect is characterized by species distinctness - it constitutes an appropriate, uncontrollable cognitive power. In a different sense, this is the position that preaches the primacy of the intellect over the other psychic powers of man. Emotions and wills are not reducible to intellectual phenomena but should be subordinated to them for ontological, moral and aesthetic reasons. The term "intellectualism" is also defined as the belief that the image obtained by the intellect is true and complete. Such a view was fed by Descartes. You can also call on the positions that negate the distinctness of the volitional and emotional phenomena. Intellectual phenomena have brought about volitional and emotional phenomena such as Baruch Spinoza and Johann Friedrich Herbart. "Intellectualism" can also be understood as synonymous with broadly understood rationalism, proclaiming the special role of reason in gaining knowledge - in opposition to empiricism, proclaiming the superior role of experience. A typical example of intellectualism is Aristotle, according to which there is a special cognitive power, intellectual intuition, which allows us to see in the data provided by the experience of the necessary truths. In the Middle Ages, such a view was characteristic of Thomism. The necessary truths perceived by intellectual intuition were the first principles of thought and of Being. In opposition to Thomistic intellectualism was primarily the Dunaway Scot's voluntary thought.

The pejorative meaning of intellectual beliefs was sometimes attributed to modern thought, eg Francis Bacon criticized excessive worship for human reason. In fact, however, the term "intellectualism" as the pejorative term for absolutist attitudes of abstract thinking and discursive knowledge was widespread only in the late nineteenth century. In modern philosophy (modern rationalism), intellectualism took on a classic character, especially in Leibniz and Descartes, convinced of the omnipotence of critical reason. The intellectual attitude is also visible in Kant and Hegel. In the second half of the nineteenth century, especially in German philosophy, the term "intellectualism" became known as the definition of attitudes of the Enlightenment type, emphasizing the special role of reason, in opposition to romantic attitudes, emphasizing the particular role of the feeling.

In 20th century philosophy, he preached intellectualism in his philosophy of science, Henri Poincaré, referring freely to Cartesianism. Intellectual stance is also evident in the phenomenology in which the intellectual view of objects (Wesensschau) is particularly important. The term often appeared in some psychologists and sociologists - the term "voluntarism", opposed to intellectualism, was introduced only by Ferdinand Tönnies. Intellectualism, materialism and voluntarism contrasted psychologically with Wilhelm Wundt and Friedrich Paulsen.

You can distinguish metaphysical intellectualism - assuming the rationality of the world; psychological intellectualism, anthropological intellectualism, and pedagogical intellectualism - which underline the particular importance of the intellectual sphere in human life; Ethical ethics, according to which the mere knowledge of the good is sufficient for ethical conduct, or at least knowledge of the good is the most important factor leading to ethical behavior; intellectual aesthetics, according to which intellectual factors are the main source of art and the basis for the evaluation of works of art; religious intellectualism, attributing to reason a controlling function in the religious life of people. Bibliography

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